diff --git a/cmd/clawgo/main.go b/cmd/clawgo/main.go
index 9922155..fb902b4 100644
--- a/cmd/clawgo/main.go
+++ b/cmd/clawgo/main.go
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func main() {
 
 		workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
 		installer := skills.NewSkillInstaller(workspace)
-		// 获取全局配置目录和内置 skills 目录
+		// Get global config directory and built-in skills directory
 		globalDir := filepath.Dir(getConfigPath())
 		globalSkillsDir := filepath.Join(globalDir, "skills")
 		builtinSkillsDir := filepath.Join(globalDir, "clawgo", "skills")
@@ -1779,7 +1779,7 @@ func skillsCmd() {
 
 	workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
 	installer := skills.NewSkillInstaller(workspace)
-	// 获取全局配置目录和内置 skills 目录
+	// Get global config directory and built-in skills directory
 	globalDir := filepath.Dir(getConfigPath())
 	globalSkillsDir := filepath.Join(globalDir, "skills")
 	builtinSkillsDir := filepath.Join(globalDir, "clawgo", "skills")
diff --git a/pkg/agent/context.go b/pkg/agent/context.go
index b5d21c1..0702335 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/context.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/context.go
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ func getGlobalConfigDir() string {
 }
 
 func NewContextBuilder(workspace string, memCfg config.MemoryConfig, toolsSummaryFunc func() []string) *ContextBuilder {
-	// builtin skills: 当前项目的 skills 目录
-	// 使用当前工作目录下的 skills/ 目录
+	// Built-in skills: the current project's skills directory.
+	// Use the skills/ directory under the current working directory.
 	wd, _ := os.Getwd()
 	builtinSkillsDir := filepath.Join(wd, "skills")
 	globalSkillsDir := filepath.Join(getGlobalConfigDir(), "skills")
diff --git a/pkg/agent/loop.go b/pkg/agent/loop.go
index 0110b3a..e16a691 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/loop.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/loop.go
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ type taskExecutionDirectivesLLMResponse struct {
 
 type stageReporter struct {
 	onUpdate func(content string)
+	localize func(content string) string
 }
 
 type StartupSelfCheckReport struct {
@@ -140,17 +141,38 @@ func (sr *stageReporter) Publish(stage int, total int, status string, detail str
 	if sr == nil || sr.onUpdate == nil {
 		return
 	}
+	_ = stage
+	_ = total
 	detail = strings.TrimSpace(detail)
-	if detail == "" {
-		detail = "-"
+	if detail != "" {
+		if sr.localize != nil {
+			detail = sr.localize(detail)
+		}
+		sr.onUpdate(detail)
+		return
 	}
 	status = strings.TrimSpace(status)
-	if status == "" {
-		status = "进度更新"
+	if status != "" {
+		if sr.localize != nil {
+			status = sr.localize(status)
+		}
+		sr.onUpdate(status)
+		return
 	}
-	sr.onUpdate(fmt.Sprintf("[进度] %s：%s", status, detail))
+	fallback := "Processing update"
+	if sr.localize != nil {
+		fallback = sr.localize(fallback)
+	}
+	sr.onUpdate(fallback)
 }
 
+type userLanguageHint struct {
+	sessionKey string
+	content    string
+}
+
+type userLanguageHintKey struct{}
+
 func NewAgentLoop(cfg *config.Config, msgBus *bus.MessageBus, provider providers.LLMProvider, cs *cron.CronService) *AgentLoop {
 	workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
 	os.MkdirAll(workspace, 0755)
@@ -267,9 +289,9 @@ func NewAgentLoop(cfg *config.Config, msgBus *bus.MessageBus, provider providers
 		autonomyBySess:   make(map[string]*autonomySession),
 	}
 
-	// 注入递归运行逻辑，使 subagent 具备 full tool-calling 能力
+	// Inject recursive run logic so subagent has full tool-calling capability.
 	subagentManager.SetRunFunc(func(ctx context.Context, task, channel, chatID string) (string, error) {
-		sessionKey := fmt.Sprintf("subagent:%d", os.Getpid()) // 改用 PID 或随机数，避免 sessionKey 冲突
+		sessionKey := fmt.Sprintf("subagent:%d", os.Getpid()) // Use PID/random value to avoid session key collisions.
 		return loop.ProcessDirect(ctx, task, sessionKey)
 	})
 
@@ -345,7 +367,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) enqueueMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 			Buttons: nil,
 			Channel: msg.Channel,
 			ChatID:  msg.ChatID,
-			Content: al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "消息队列当前较忙，请稍后再试。"),
+			Content: al.localizeUserFacingText(ctx, msg.SessionKey, msg.Content, "The message queue is currently busy. Please try again shortly."),
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -403,7 +425,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) runSessionWorker(ctx context.Context, sessionKey string, wo
 					if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 						return
 					}
-					response = al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(msg, err)
+					response = al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(taskCtx, msg, err)
 				}
 
 				if response != "" && shouldPublishSyntheticResponse(msg) {
@@ -425,11 +447,8 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) clearWorkerCancel(worker *sessionWorker) {
 	worker.cancelMu.Unlock()
 }
 
-func (al *AgentLoop) formatProcessingErrorMessage(msg bus.InboundMessage, err error) string {
-	if al.preferChineseUserFacingText(msg.SessionKey, msg.Content) {
-		return err.Error()
-	}
-	return err.Error()
+func (al *AgentLoop) formatProcessingErrorMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage, err error) string {
+	return al.localizeUserFacingText(ctx, msg.SessionKey, msg.Content, fmt.Sprintf("Error processing message: %v", err))
 }
 
 func (al *AgentLoop) preferChineseUserFacingText(sessionKey, currentContent string) bool {
@@ -520,7 +539,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) stopAllAutonomySessions() {
 
 func (al *AgentLoop) startAutonomy(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage, idleInterval time.Duration, focus string) string {
 	if msg.Channel == "cli" {
-		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式需要在 gateway 运行模式下使用（持续消息循环）。")
+		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode requires gateway runtime mode (continuous message loop).")
 	}
 
 	if idleInterval <= 0 {
@@ -538,7 +557,8 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) startAutonomy(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage,
 		delete(al.autonomyBySess, msg.SessionKey)
 	}
 
-	sessionCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	langCtx := withUserLanguageHint(context.Background(), msg.SessionKey, msg.Content)
+	sessionCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(langCtx)
 	s := &autonomySession{
 		cancel:       cancel,
 		started:      time.Now(),
@@ -566,9 +586,9 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) startAutonomy(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage,
 		})
 	}
 	if s.focus != "" {
-		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("自主模式已开启，当前研究方向：%s。系统会持续静默推进，并每 %s 汇报一次进度或结果。", s.focus, idleInterval.Truncate(time.Second)))
+		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy mode is enabled. Current focus: %s. The system will continue in the background and report progress or results every %s.", s.focus, idleInterval.Truncate(time.Second)))
 	}
-	return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("自主模式已开启：自动拆解执行 + 静默推进；每 %s 汇报一次进度或结果。", idleInterval.Truncate(time.Second)))
+	return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy mode is enabled: automatic decomposition + background execution; reports progress or results every %s.", idleInterval.Truncate(time.Second)))
 }
 
 func (al *AgentLoop) stopAutonomy(sessionKey string) bool {
@@ -625,21 +645,21 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) autonomyStatus(ctx context.Context, sessionKey string) stri
 
 	s, ok := al.autonomyBySess[sessionKey]
 	if !ok || s == nil {
-		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式未开启。")
+		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode is not enabled.")
 	}
 
 	uptime := time.Since(s.started).Truncate(time.Second)
 	idle := time.Since(s.lastUserAt).Truncate(time.Second)
 	focus := strings.TrimSpace(s.focus)
 	if focus == "" {
-		focus = "未设置"
+		focus = "not set"
 	}
-	fallback := fmt.Sprintf("自主模式运行中：汇报周期 %s，已运行 %s，最近用户活跃距今 %s，自动推进 %d 轮。",
+	fallback := fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy mode is running: report interval %s, uptime %s, time since last user activity %s, automatic rounds %d.",
 		s.idleInterval.Truncate(time.Second),
 		uptime,
 		idle,
 		s.rounds,
-	) + fmt.Sprintf(" 当前研究方向：%s。", focus)
+	) + fmt.Sprintf(" Current focus: %s.", focus)
 	return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fallback)
 }
 
@@ -713,25 +733,25 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) finishAutonomyRound(sessionKey string) {
 func buildAutonomyFollowUpPrompt(round int, focus string, reportDue bool) string {
 	focus = strings.TrimSpace(focus)
 	if focus == "" && reportDue {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("自主模式第 %d 轮推进：用户暂时未继续输入。请基于当前会话上下文和已完成工作，自主完成一个高价值下一步，并用自然语言给出进度或结果。", round)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy round %d: the user has not provided new input yet. Based on the current session context and completed work, autonomously complete one high-value next step and report progress or results in natural language.", round)
 	}
 	if focus == "" && !reportDue {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("自主模式第 %d 轮推进：用户暂时未继续输入。请基于当前会话上下文和已完成工作，自主完成一个高价值下一步。本轮仅执行，不对外回复。", round)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy round %d: the user has not provided new input yet. Based on the current session context and completed work, autonomously complete one high-value next step. This round is execution-only; do not send an external reply.", round)
 	}
 	if reportDue {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("自主模式第 %d 轮推进：用户暂时未继续输入。请优先围绕研究方向“%s”推进；如果该方向已完成，请说明并转向其他高价值下一步。完成后用自然语言给出进度或结果。", round, focus)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy round %d: the user has not provided new input yet. Prioritize progress around the focus \"%s\"; if that focus is complete, explain and move to another high-value next step. After completion, report progress or results in natural language.", round, focus)
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("自主模式第 %d 轮推进：用户暂时未继续输入。请优先围绕研究方向“%s”推进；如果该方向已完成，请说明并转向其他高价值下一步。本轮仅执行，不对外回复。", round, focus)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy round %d: the user has not provided new input yet. Prioritize progress around the focus \"%s\"; if that focus is complete, explain and move to another high-value next step. This round is execution-only; do not send an external reply.", round, focus)
 }
 
 func buildAutonomyFocusPrompt(focus string) string {
 	focus = strings.TrimSpace(focus)
-	return fmt.Sprintf("自主模式已启动，本轮请优先围绕研究方向“%s”展开：先明确本轮目标，再执行并汇报阶段性进展与结果。", focus)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Autonomy mode started. For this round, prioritize the focus \"%s\": clarify the round goal first, then execute and report progress and results.", focus)
 }
 
 func (al *AgentLoop) startAutoLearner(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage, interval time.Duration) string {
 	if msg.Channel == "cli" {
-		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自动学习需要在 gateway 运行模式下使用（持续消息循环）。")
+		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Auto-learn requires gateway runtime mode (continuous message loop).")
 	}
 
 	if interval <= 0 {
@@ -749,7 +769,8 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) startAutoLearner(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessag
 		delete(al.autoLearners, msg.SessionKey)
 	}
 
-	learnerCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	langCtx := withUserLanguageHint(context.Background(), msg.SessionKey, msg.Content)
+	learnerCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(langCtx)
 	learner := &autoLearner{
 		cancel:   cancel,
 		started:  time.Now(),
@@ -760,7 +781,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) startAutoLearner(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessag
 
 	go al.runAutoLearnerLoop(learnerCtx, msg)
 
-	return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("自动学习已开启：每 %s 执行 1 轮。使用 /autolearn stop 可停止。", interval.Truncate(time.Second)))
+	return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("Auto-learn is enabled: one round every %s. Use /autolearn stop to stop it.", interval.Truncate(time.Second)))
 }
 
 func (al *AgentLoop) runAutoLearnerLoop(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage) {
@@ -773,7 +794,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) runAutoLearnerLoop(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMess
 		al.bus.PublishOutbound(bus.OutboundMessage{
 			Channel: msg.Channel,
 			ChatID:  msg.ChatID,
-			Content: al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("自动学习第 %d 轮开始。", round)),
+			Content: al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("Auto-learn round %d started.", round)),
 		})
 
 		al.bus.PublishInbound(bus.InboundMessage{
@@ -853,11 +874,11 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) autoLearnerStatus(ctx context.Context, sessionKey string) s
 
 	learner, ok := al.autoLearners[sessionKey]
 	if !ok || learner == nil {
-		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自动学习未开启。使用 /autolearn start 可开启。")
+		return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Auto-learn is not enabled. Use /autolearn start to enable it.")
 	}
 
 	uptime := time.Since(learner.started).Truncate(time.Second)
-	fallback := fmt.Sprintf("自动学习运行中：每 %s 一轮，已运行 %s，累计 %d 轮。",
+	fallback := fmt.Sprintf("Auto-learn is running: one round every %s, uptime %s, total rounds %d.",
 		learner.interval.Truncate(time.Second),
 		uptime,
 		learner.rounds,
@@ -866,11 +887,11 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) autoLearnerStatus(ctx context.Context, sessionKey string) s
 }
 
 func buildAutoLearnPrompt(round int) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("自动学习模式第 %d 轮：无需用户下发任务。请基于当前会话与项目上下文，自主选择一个高价值的小任务并完成。要求：1) 明确本轮学习目标；2) 必要时调用工具执行；3) 将关键结论写入 memory/MEMORY.md；4) 输出简短进展报告。", round)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Auto-learn round %d: no user task is required. Based on current session and project context, choose and complete one high-value small task autonomously. Requirements: 1) define the learning goal for this round; 2) call tools when needed; 3) write key conclusions to memory/MEMORY.md; 4) output a concise progress report.", round)
 }
 
 func buildAutonomyTaskPrompt(task string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("开启自主执行策略。请直接推进任务并在关键节点自然汇报进展，最后给出结果与下一步建议。\n\n用户任务：%s", strings.TrimSpace(task))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Enable autonomous execution strategy. Proceed with the task directly, report progress naturally at key points, and finally provide results plus next-step suggestions.\n\nUser task: %s", strings.TrimSpace(task))
 }
 
 func isSyntheticMessage(msg bus.InboundMessage) bool {
@@ -898,21 +919,47 @@ func shouldHandleControlIntents(msg bus.InboundMessage) bool {
 	return !isSyntheticMessage(msg)
 }
 
+func withUserLanguageHint(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, content string) context.Context {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, userLanguageHintKey{}, userLanguageHint{
+		sessionKey: strings.TrimSpace(sessionKey),
+		content:    content,
+	})
+}
+
+func (al *AgentLoop) localizeUserFacingText(ctx context.Context, sessionKey, currentContent, fallback string) string {
+	return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(withUserLanguageHint(ctx, sessionKey, currentContent), fallback)
+}
+
 func (al *AgentLoop) naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx context.Context, fallback string) string {
 	text := strings.TrimSpace(fallback)
 	if text == "" || ctx == nil {
 		return fallback
 	}
+	if al == nil || (al.provider == nil && len(al.providersByProxy) == 0) {
+		return fallback
+	}
+
+	targetLanguage := "English"
+	if al != nil {
+		if hint, ok := ctx.Value(userLanguageHintKey{}).(userLanguageHint); ok {
+			if al.preferChineseUserFacingText(hint.sessionKey, hint.content) {
+				targetLanguage = "Simplified Chinese"
+			}
+		}
+	}
 
 	llmCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 4*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	systemPrompt := al.withBootstrapPolicy(`You rewrite assistant control/status replies in natural conversational Chinese.
+	systemPrompt := al.withBootstrapPolicy(fmt.Sprintf(`You rewrite assistant control/status replies in natural conversational %s.
 Rules:
 - Keep factual meaning unchanged.
 - Use concise natural wording, no rigid templates.
 - No markdown, no code block, no extra explanation.
-- Return plain text only.`)
+- Return plain text only.`, targetLanguage))
 
 	resp, err := al.callLLMWithModelFallback(llmCtx, []providers.Message{
 		{Role: "system", Content: systemPrompt},
@@ -958,6 +1005,8 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) ProcessDirect(ctx context.Context, content, sessionKey stri
 }
 
 func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage) (string, error) {
+	ctx = withUserLanguageHint(ctx, msg.SessionKey, msg.Content)
+
 	// Add message preview to log
 	preview := truncate(msg.Content, 80)
 	logger.InfoCF("agent", fmt.Sprintf("Processing message from %s:%s: %s", msg.Channel, msg.SenderID, preview),
@@ -1001,14 +1050,14 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 				return al.startAutonomy(ctx, msg, idle, intent.focus), nil
 			case "clear_focus":
 				if al.clearAutonomyFocus(msg.SessionKey) {
-					return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "已确认：当前研究方向已完成，后续自主推进将转向其他高价值任务。"), nil
+					return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Confirmed: the current focus is complete. Subsequent autonomous rounds will shift to other high-value tasks."), nil
 				}
-				return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式当前未运行，无法清空研究方向。"), nil
+				return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode is not running, so the focus cannot be cleared."), nil
 			case "stop":
 				if al.stopAutonomy(msg.SessionKey) {
-					return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式已关闭。"), nil
+					return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode stopped."), nil
 				}
-				return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式当前未运行。"), nil
+				return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode is not running."), nil
 			case "status":
 				return al.autonomyStatus(ctx, msg.SessionKey), nil
 			}
@@ -1024,9 +1073,9 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 				return al.startAutoLearner(ctx, msg, interval), nil
 			case "stop":
 				if al.stopAutoLearner(msg.SessionKey) {
-					return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自动学习已停止。"), nil
+					return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Auto-learn stopped."), nil
 				}
-				return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自动学习当前未运行。"), nil
+				return al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Auto-learn is not running."), nil
 			case "status":
 				return al.autoLearnerStatus(ctx, msg.SessionKey), nil
 			}
@@ -1056,6 +1105,9 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 	var progress *stageReporter
 	if directives.stageReport {
 		progress = &stageReporter{
+			localize: func(content string) string {
+				return al.localizeUserFacingText(ctx, msg.SessionKey, msg.Content, content)
+			},
 			onUpdate: func(content string) {
 				al.bus.PublishOutbound(bus.OutboundMessage{
 					Channel: msg.Channel,
@@ -1064,8 +1116,8 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 				})
 			},
 		}
-		progress.Publish(1, 5, "开始", "已接收任务")
-		progress.Publish(2, 5, "分析", "正在构建上下文")
+		progress.Publish(1, 5, "start", "I received your task and will clarify the goal and constraints first.")
+		progress.Publish(2, 5, "analysis", "I am building the context needed for execution.")
 	}
 
 	// Update tool contexts
@@ -1093,13 +1145,13 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 	)
 
 	if progress != nil {
-		progress.Publish(3, 5, "执行", "正在运行任务")
+		progress.Publish(3, 5, "execution", "I am starting step-by-step execution.")
 	}
 
 	finalContent, iteration, err := al.runLLMToolLoop(ctx, messages, msg.SessionKey, false, progress)
 	if err != nil {
 		if progress != nil {
-			progress.Publish(5, 5, "失败", err.Error())
+			progress.Publish(5, 5, "failure", err.Error())
 		}
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -1124,7 +1176,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 
 	al.sessions.AddMessage(msg.SessionKey, "user", msg.Content)
 
-	// 使用 AddMessageFull 存储包含思考过程或工具调用的完整助手消息
+	// Use AddMessageFull to persist the complete assistant message, including thoughts/tool calls.
 	al.sessions.AddMessageFull(msg.SessionKey, providers.Message{
 		Role:    "assistant",
 		Content: userContent,
@@ -1147,8 +1199,8 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMessage)
 		})
 
 	if progress != nil {
-		progress.Publish(4, 5, "收敛", "已生成最终回复")
-		progress.Publish(5, 5, "完成", fmt.Sprintf("任务执行结束（迭代 %d）", iteration))
+		progress.Publish(4, 5, "finalization", "Final response is ready.")
+		progress.Publish(5, 5, "done", fmt.Sprintf("Completed after %d iterations.", iteration))
 	}
 
 	return userContent, nil
@@ -1216,9 +1268,9 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) processSystemMessage(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMe
 	// Save to session with system message marker
 	al.sessions.AddMessage(sessionKey, "user", fmt.Sprintf("[System: %s] %s", msg.SenderID, msg.Content))
 
-	// 如果 finalContent 中没有包含 tool calls (即最后一次 LLM 返回的结果)
-	// 我们已经通过循环内部的 AddMessageFull 存储了前面的步骤
-	// 这里的 AddMessageFull 会存储最终回复
+	// If finalContent has no tool calls (i.e., the final LLM output),
+	// earlier steps were already stored via AddMessageFull in the loop.
+	// This AddMessageFull stores the final reply.
 	al.sessions.AddMessageFull(sessionKey, providers.Message{
 		Role:    "assistant",
 		Content: finalContent,
@@ -1256,7 +1308,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) runLLMToolLoop(
 	for iteration < al.maxIterations {
 		iteration++
 		if progress != nil {
-			progress.Publish(3, 5, "执行", fmt.Sprintf("第 %d 轮推理", iteration))
+			progress.Publish(3, 5, "execution", fmt.Sprintf("Running iteration %d.", iteration))
 		}
 
 		if !systemMode {
@@ -1387,9 +1439,9 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) runLLMToolLoop(
 			}
 			if progress != nil {
 				if err != nil {
-					progress.Publish(3, 5, "执行", fmt.Sprintf("工具 %s 失败: %v", tc.Name, err))
+					progress.Publish(3, 5, "execution", fmt.Sprintf("Tool %s failed: %v", tc.Name, err))
 				} else {
-					progress.Publish(3, 5, "执行", fmt.Sprintf("工具 %s 完成", tc.Name))
+					progress.Publish(3, 5, "execution", fmt.Sprintf("Tool %s completed.", tc.Name))
 				}
 			}
 			lastToolResult = result
@@ -1596,7 +1648,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) RunStartupSelfCheckAllSessions(ctx context.Context) Startup
 	}
 	report.TotalSessions = len(sessions)
 
-	// 启动阶段只做历史会话压缩检测，避免额外触发自检任务。
+	// During startup, only run historical-session compaction checks to avoid extra self-check tasks.
 	for _, sessionKey := range sessions {
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
@@ -2627,7 +2679,7 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) handleSlashCommand(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMess
 		), nil
 	case "/autolearn":
 		if len(fields) < 2 {
-			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "用法：/autolearn start [interval] | /autolearn stop | /autolearn status"), nil
+			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Usage: /autolearn start [interval] | /autolearn stop | /autolearn status"), nil
 		}
 		switch strings.ToLower(fields[1]) {
 		case "start":
@@ -2642,17 +2694,17 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) handleSlashCommand(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMess
 			return true, al.startAutoLearner(ctx, msg, interval), nil
 		case "stop":
 			if al.stopAutoLearner(msg.SessionKey) {
-				return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自动学习已停止。"), nil
+				return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Auto-learn stopped."), nil
 			}
-			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自动学习当前未运行。"), nil
+			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Auto-learn is not running."), nil
 		case "status":
 			return true, al.autoLearnerStatus(ctx, msg.SessionKey), nil
 		default:
-			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "用法：/autolearn start [interval] | /autolearn stop | /autolearn status"), nil
+			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Usage: /autolearn start [interval] | /autolearn stop | /autolearn status"), nil
 		}
 	case "/autonomy":
 		if len(fields) < 2 {
-			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "用法：/autonomy start [idle] | /autonomy stop | /autonomy status"), nil
+			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Usage: /autonomy start [idle] | /autonomy stop | /autonomy status"), nil
 		}
 		switch strings.ToLower(fields[1]) {
 		case "start":
@@ -2672,13 +2724,13 @@ func (al *AgentLoop) handleSlashCommand(ctx context.Context, msg bus.InboundMess
 			return true, al.startAutonomy(ctx, msg, idle, focus), nil
 		case "stop":
 			if al.stopAutonomy(msg.SessionKey) {
-				return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式已关闭。"), nil
+				return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode stopped."), nil
 			}
-			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "自主模式当前未运行。"), nil
+			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Autonomy mode is not running."), nil
 		case "status":
 			return true, al.autonomyStatus(ctx, msg.SessionKey), nil
 		default:
-			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "用法：/autonomy start [idle] | /autonomy stop | /autonomy status"), nil
+			return true, al.naturalizeUserFacingText(ctx, "Usage: /autonomy start [idle] | /autonomy stop | /autonomy status"), nil
 		}
 	case "/reload":
 		running, err := al.triggerGatewayReloadFromAgent()
diff --git a/pkg/agent/loop_directive_test.go b/pkg/agent/loop_directive_test.go
index 14678f3..2093dd1 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/loop_directive_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/loop_directive_test.go
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestParseTaskExecutionDirectives_RunCommand(t *testing.T) {
-	d := parseTaskExecutionDirectives("/run 修复构建脚本 --stage-report")
-	if d.task != "修复构建脚本" {
+	d := parseTaskExecutionDirectives("/run fix build script --stage-report")
+	if d.task != "fix build script" {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected task: %q", d.task)
 	}
 	if !d.stageReport {
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ func TestParseTaskExecutionDirectives_RunCommand(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseTaskExecutionDirectives_Default(t *testing.T) {
-	d := parseTaskExecutionDirectives("帮我看看今天的日志异常")
-	if d.task != "帮我看看今天的日志异常" {
+	d := parseTaskExecutionDirectives("Please check today's log anomalies")
+	if d.task != "Please check today's log anomalies" {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected task: %q", d.task)
 	}
 	if d.stageReport {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func TestParseAutoLearnIntent_StopFallbackCommand(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseAutoLearnIntent_NoNaturalLanguageFallback(t *testing.T) {
-	if _, ok := parseAutoLearnIntent("请开始自动学习"); ok {
+	if _, ok := parseAutoLearnIntent("please start auto learning"); ok {
 		t.Fatalf("expected no fallback match")
 	}
 }
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func TestParseAutonomyIdleInterval(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseAutonomyIntent_NoNaturalLanguageFallback(t *testing.T) {
-	if intent, ok := parseAutonomyIntent("请自动执行这个任务"); ok {
+	if intent, ok := parseAutonomyIntent("please run this task automatically"); ok {
 		t.Fatalf("expected no intent, got: %+v", intent)
 	}
 }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func TestExtractJSONObject_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
 func TestShouldHandleControlIntents_UserMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
 		SenderID: "user",
-		Content:  "请进入自主模式",
+		Content:  "please enter autonomy mode",
 	}
 	if !shouldHandleControlIntents(msg) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected user message to be control-eligible")
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func TestShouldHandleControlIntents_UserMessage(t *testing.T) {
 func TestShouldHandleControlIntents_AutonomySyntheticSender(t *testing.T) {
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
 		SenderID: "autonomy",
-		Content:  "自主模式第 1 轮推进",
+		Content:  "autonomy round 1",
 	}
 	if shouldHandleControlIntents(msg) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected autonomy synthetic message to be ignored for control intents")
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func TestShouldHandleControlIntents_AutonomySyntheticSender(t *testing.T) {
 func TestShouldHandleControlIntents_AutoLearnSyntheticMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
 		SenderID: "gateway",
-		Content:  "自动学习第 1 轮",
+		Content:  "auto-learn round 1",
 		Metadata: map[string]string{
 			"source": "autolearn",
 		},
diff --git a/pkg/agent/loop_language_test.go b/pkg/agent/loop_language_test.go
index 5bc95b7..e209b6d 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/loop_language_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/loop_language_test.go
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 package agent
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"clawgo/pkg/bus"
 	"clawgo/pkg/session"
 )
 
-func TestFormatProcessingErrorMessage_ChineseCurrentMessage(t *testing.T) {
+func TestFormatProcessingErrorMessage_CurrentMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	al := &AgentLoop{}
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
-		SessionKey: "s-zh-current",
-		Content:    "请帮我看一下这个错误",
+		SessionKey: "s-current",
+		Content:    "Please help check this error",
 	}
 
-	out := al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(msg, errors.New("boom"))
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(out, "处理消息时发生错误：") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected Chinese error prefix, got %q", out)
+	out := al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(context.Background(), msg, errors.New("boom"))
+	if out != "Error processing message: boom" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected formatted error message, got %q", out)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ func TestFormatProcessingErrorMessage_EnglishCurrentMessage(t *testing.T) {
 		Content:    "Please help debug this issue",
 	}
 
-	out := al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(msg, errors.New("boom"))
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(out, "Error processing message:") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected English error prefix, got %q", out)
+	out := al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(context.Background(), msg, errors.New("boom"))
+	if out != "Error processing message: boom" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected formatted error message, got %q", out)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestFormatProcessingErrorMessage_UsesSessionHistoryLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+func TestFormatProcessingErrorMessage_UsesSessionHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	sm := session.NewSessionManager(t.TempDir())
-	sm.AddMessage("s-history", "user", "请继续，按这个方向修复")
+	sm.AddMessage("s-history", "user", "Please continue fixing in this direction")
 
 	al := &AgentLoop{sessions: sm}
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ func TestFormatProcessingErrorMessage_UsesSessionHistoryLanguage(t *testing.T) {
 		Content:    "ok",
 	}
 
-	out := al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(msg, errors.New("boom"))
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(out, "处理消息时发生错误：") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected Chinese error prefix from session history, got %q", out)
+	out := al.formatProcessingErrorMessage(context.Background(), msg, errors.New("boom"))
+	if out != "Error processing message: boom" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected formatted error message from session history, got %q", out)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/channels/base.go b/pkg/channels/base.go
index 585bddc..d501a38 100644
--- a/pkg/channels/base.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/base.go
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (c *BaseChannel) HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content string, media []st
 		return
 	}
 
-	// 生成 SessionKey: channel:chatID
+	// Build session key: channel:chatID
 	sessionKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", c.name, chatID)
 
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
diff --git a/pkg/channels/dingtalk.go b/pkg/channels/dingtalk.go
index 102ff94..240b8f0 100644
--- a/pkg/channels/dingtalk.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/dingtalk.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/open-dingtalk/dingtalk-stream-sdk-go/client"
 )
 
-// DingTalkChannel implements the Channel interface for DingTalk (钉钉)
+// DingTalkChannel implements the Channel interface for DingTalk.
 // It uses WebSocket for receiving messages via stream mode and API for sending
 type DingTalkChannel struct {
 	*BaseChannel
diff --git a/pkg/channels/qq.go b/pkg/channels/qq.go
index 4512d38..0445bd2 100644
--- a/pkg/channels/qq.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/qq.go
@@ -49,32 +49,32 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 	logger.InfoC("qq", "Starting QQ bot (WebSocket mode)")
 
-	// 创建 token source
+	// Create token source
 	credentials := &token.QQBotCredentials{
 		AppID:     c.config.AppID,
 		AppSecret: c.config.AppSecret,
 	}
 	c.tokenSource = token.NewQQBotTokenSource(credentials)
 
-	// 创建子 context
+	// Create child context
 	runCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	c.runCancel.set(cancel)
 
-	// 启动自动刷新 token 协程
+	// Start token auto-refresh goroutine
 	if err := token.StartRefreshAccessToken(runCtx, c.tokenSource); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start token refresh: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 初始化 OpenAPI 客户端
+	// Initialize OpenAPI client
 	c.api = botgo.NewOpenAPI(c.config.AppID, c.tokenSource).WithTimeout(5 * time.Second)
 
-	// 注册事件处理器
+	// Register event handlers
 	intent := event.RegisterHandlers(
 		c.handleC2CMessage(),
 		c.handleGroupATMessage(),
 	)
 
-	// 获取 WebSocket 接入点
+	// Get WebSocket endpoint
 	wsInfo, err := c.api.WS(runCtx, nil, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get websocket info: %w", err)
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 		"shards": wsInfo.Shards,
 	})
 
-	// 创建并保存 sessionManager
+	// Create and store session manager
 	c.sessionManager = botgo.NewSessionManager()
 
-	// 在 goroutine 中启动 WebSocket 连接，避免阻塞
+	// Start WebSocket connection in a goroutine to avoid blocking
 	runChannelTask("qq", "websocket session", func() error {
 		return c.sessionManager.Start(wsInfo, c.tokenSource, &intent)
 	}, func(_ error) {
@@ -116,12 +116,12 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("QQ bot not running")
 	}
 
-	// 构造消息
+	// Build message
 	msgToCreate := &dto.MessageToCreate{
 		Content: msg.Content,
 	}
 
-	// C2C 消息发送
+	// Send C2C message
 	_, err := c.api.PostC2CMessage(ctx, msg.ChatID, msgToCreate)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.ErrorCF("qq", "Failed to send C2C message", map[string]interface{}{
@@ -133,15 +133,15 @@ func (c *QQChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// handleC2CMessage 处理 QQ 私聊消息
+// handleC2CMessage handles QQ private messages
 func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 	return func(event *dto.WSPayload, data *dto.WSC2CMessageData) error {
-		// 去重检查
+		// Deduplication check
 		if c.isDuplicate(data.ID) {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取用户信息
+		// Extract sender information
 		var senderID string
 		if data.Author != nil && data.Author.ID != "" {
 			senderID = data.Author.ID
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取消息内容
+		// Extract message content
 		content := data.Content
 		if content == "" {
 			logger.DebugC("qq", "Received empty message, ignoring")
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 			logger.FieldMessageContentLength: len(content),
 		})
 
-		// 转发到消息总线
+		// Forward to message bus
 		metadata := map[string]string{
 			"message_id": data.ID,
 		}
@@ -174,15 +174,15 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 	}
 }
 
-// handleGroupATMessage 处理群@消息
+// handleGroupATMessage handles group @ messages
 func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 	return func(event *dto.WSPayload, data *dto.WSGroupATMessageData) error {
-		// 去重检查
+		// Deduplication check
 		if c.isDuplicate(data.ID) {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取用户信息
+		// Extract sender information
 		var senderID string
 		if data.Author != nil && data.Author.ID != "" {
 			senderID = data.Author.ID
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		// 提取消息内容（去掉 @ 机器人部分）
+		// Extract message content (remove bot mention)
 		content := data.Content
 		if content == "" {
 			logger.DebugC("qq", "Received empty group message, ignoring")
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 			logger.FieldMessageContentLength: len(content),
 		})
 
-		// 转发到消息总线（使用 GroupID 作为 ChatID）
+		// Forward to message bus (use GroupID as ChatID)
 		metadata := map[string]string{
 			"message_id": data.ID,
 			"group_id":   data.GroupID,
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 	}
 }
 
-// isDuplicate 检查消息是否重复
+// isDuplicate checks whether a message is duplicated
 func (c *QQChannel) isDuplicate(messageID string) bool {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ func (c *QQChannel) isDuplicate(messageID string) bool {
 
 	c.processedIDs[messageID] = true
 
-	// 简单清理：限制 map 大小
+	// Simple cleanup: limit map size
 	if len(c.processedIDs) > 10000 {
-		// 清空一半
+		// Remove half of the entries
 		count := 0
 		for id := range c.processedIDs {
 			if count >= 5000 {
diff --git a/pkg/cron/cron_expr.go b/pkg/cron/cron_expr.go
index e1c0b66..611a11f 100644
--- a/pkg/cron/cron_expr.go
+++ b/pkg/cron/cron_expr.go
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// SimpleCronParser 实现了一个极简的 Cron 表达式解析器 (minute hour day month dayOfWeek)
-// 借鉴 goclaw 可能使用的标准 cron 逻辑，补全 ClawGo 缺失的 Expr 调度能力
+// SimpleCronParser is a minimal cron expression parser (minute hour day month dayOfWeek).
+// It approximates standard cron behavior to provide missing Expr scheduling support.
 type SimpleCronParser struct {
 	expr string
 }
@@ -19,14 +19,15 @@ func NewSimpleCronParser(expr string) *SimpleCronParser {
 func (p *SimpleCronParser) Next(from time.Time) time.Time {
 	fields := strings.Fields(p.expr)
 	if len(fields) != 5 {
-		return time.Time{} // 格式错误
+		return time.Time{} // Invalid format
 	}
 
-	// 这是一个极简实现，仅支持 * 和 数字
-	// 生产环境下建议引入 github.com/robfig/cron/v3
+	// This minimal implementation only supports "*" and exact numbers.
+	// For production, use github.com/robfig/cron/v3.
 	next := from.Add(1 * time.Minute).Truncate(time.Minute)
-	
-	// 这里逻辑简化：如果不是 * 且不匹配，则递增直到匹配 (最大搜索 1 年)
+
+	// Simplified logic: if it is not "*" and does not match, keep incrementing until matched
+	// (up to one year of search).
 	for i := 0; i < 525600; i++ {
 		if p.match(next, fields) {
 			return next
diff --git a/pkg/session/manager.go b/pkg/session/manager.go
index 71756c9..c2ddf2e 100644
--- a/pkg/session/manager.go
+++ b/pkg/session/manager.go
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func (sm *SessionManager) AddMessageFull(sessionKey string, msg providers.Messag
 	session.Updated = time.Now()
 	session.mu.Unlock()
 
-	// 立即持久化 (Append-only)
+	// Persist immediately (append-only)
 	if err := sm.appendMessage(sessionKey, msg); err != nil {
 		logger.ErrorCF("session", "Failed to persist session message", map[string]interface{}{
 			"session_key":     sessionKey,
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ func (sm *SessionManager) CompactHistory(key, summary string, keepLast int) (int
 }
 
 func (sm *SessionManager) Save(session *Session) error {
-	// 现已通过 AddMessageFull 实时增量持久化
-	// 这里保留 Save 方法用于更新 Summary 等元数据
+	// Messages are now persisted incrementally via AddMessageFull.
+	// Keep Save for summary and other metadata updates.
 	if sm.storage == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ func (sm *SessionManager) loadSessions() error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// 处理 JSONL 历史消息
+		// Load JSONL history messages
 		if filepath.Ext(file.Name()) == ".jsonl" {
 			sessionKey := strings.TrimSuffix(file.Name(), ".jsonl")
 			session := sm.GetOrCreate(sessionKey)
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ func (sm *SessionManager) loadSessions() error {
 			_ = f.Close()
 		}
 
-		// 处理元数据
+		// Load metadata
 		if filepath.Ext(file.Name()) == ".meta" {
 			sessionKey := strings.TrimSuffix(file.Name(), ".meta")
 			session := sm.GetOrCreate(sessionKey)
diff --git a/pkg/skills/loader.go b/pkg/skills/loader.go
index b5436b6..50b4134 100644
--- a/pkg/skills/loader.go
+++ b/pkg/skills/loader.go
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ type SkillInfo struct {
 
 type SkillsLoader struct {
 	workspace       string
-	workspaceSkills string // workspace skills (项目级别)
-	globalSkills    string // 全局 skills (~/.clawgo/skills)
-	builtinSkills   string // 内置 skills
+	workspaceSkills string // workspace-level skills
+	globalSkills    string // global skills (~/.clawgo/skills)
+	builtinSkills   string // built-in skills
 }
 
 func NewSkillsLoader(workspace string, globalSkills string, builtinSkills string) *SkillsLoader {
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) ListSkills() []SkillInfo {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 全局 skills (~/.clawgo/skills) - 被 workspace skills 覆盖
+	// Global skills (~/.clawgo/skills) - overridden by workspace skills
 	if sl.globalSkills != "" {
 		if dirs, err := os.ReadDir(sl.globalSkills); err == nil {
 			for _, dir := range dirs {
 				if dir.IsDir() {
 					skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.globalSkills, dir.Name(), "SKILL.md")
 					if _, err := os.Stat(skillFile); err == nil {
-						// 检查是否已被 workspace skills 覆盖
+						// Check whether overridden by workspace skills
 						exists := false
 						for _, s := range skills {
 							if s.Name == dir.Name() && s.Source == "workspace" {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) ListSkills() []SkillInfo {
 				if dir.IsDir() {
 					skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.builtinSkills, dir.Name(), "SKILL.md")
 					if _, err := os.Stat(skillFile); err == nil {
-						// 检查是否已被 workspace 或 global skills 覆盖
+						// Check whether overridden by workspace or global skills
 						exists := false
 						for _, s := range skills {
 							if s.Name == dir.Name() && (s.Source == "workspace" || s.Source == "global") {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) ListSkills() []SkillInfo {
 }
 
 func (sl *SkillsLoader) LoadSkill(name string) (string, bool) {
-	// 1. 优先从 workspace skills 加载（项目级别）
+	// 1. Prefer workspace skills (project-level)
 	if sl.workspaceSkills != "" {
 		skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.workspaceSkills, name, "SKILL.md")
 		if content, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile); err == nil {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) LoadSkill(name string) (string, bool) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 2. 其次从全局 skills 加载 (~/.clawgo/skills)
+	// 2. Then load from global skills (~/.clawgo/skills)
 	if sl.globalSkills != "" {
 		skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.globalSkills, name, "SKILL.md")
 		if content, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile); err == nil {
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func (sl *SkillsLoader) LoadSkill(name string) (string, bool) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// 3. 最后从内置 skills 加载
+	// 3. Finally load from built-in skills
 	if sl.builtinSkills != "" {
 		skillFile := filepath.Join(sl.builtinSkills, name, "SKILL.md")
 		if content, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile); err == nil {
diff --git a/pkg/tools/memory.go b/pkg/tools/memory.go
index d88b43f..22d418a 100644
--- a/pkg/tools/memory.go
+++ b/pkg/tools/memory.go
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func (t *MemorySearchTool) Execute(ctx context.Context, args map[string]interfac
 	resultsChan := make(chan []searchResult, len(files))
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 
-	// 并发搜索所有文件
+	// Search all files concurrently
 	for _, file := range files {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(f string) {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func (t *MemorySearchTool) Execute(ctx context.Context, args map[string]interfac
 		}(file)
 	}
 
-	// 异步关闭通道
+	// Close channel asynchronously
 	go func() {
 		wg.Wait()
 		close(resultsChan)
diff --git a/pkg/tools/shell.go b/pkg/tools/shell.go
index c14632c..304faaa 100644
--- a/pkg/tools/shell.go
+++ b/pkg/tools/shell.go
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (t *ExecTool) Execute(ctx context.Context, args map[string]interface{}) (st
 }
 
 func (t *ExecTool) executeInSandbox(ctx context.Context, command, cwd string) (string, error) {
-	// 实现 Docker 沙箱执行逻辑
+	// Execute command inside Docker sandbox
 	absCwd, _ := filepath.Abs(cwd)
 	dockerArgs := []string{
 		"run", "--rm",
diff --git a/pkg/tools/subagent.go b/pkg/tools/subagent.go
index a70132d..e6a012a 100644
--- a/pkg/tools/subagent.go
+++ b/pkg/tools/subagent.go
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ func (sm *SubagentManager) runTask(ctx context.Context, task *SubagentTask) {
 		_ = sm.orc.MarkTaskRunning(task.PipelineID, task.PipelineTask)
 	}
 
-	// 1. 独立 Agent 逻辑：支持递归工具调用
-	// 这里简单实现：通过共享 AgentLoop 的逻辑来实现 full subagent 能力
-	// 但目前 subagent.go 不方便反向依赖 agent 包，我们暂时通过 Inject 方式解决
+	// 1. Independent agent logic: supports recursive tool calling.
+	// This lightweight approach reuses AgentLoop logic for full subagent capability.
+	// subagent.go cannot depend on agent package inversely, so use function injection.
 
-	// 如果没有注入 RunFunc，则退化为简单的一步 Chat
+	// Fall back to one-shot chat when RunFunc is not injected.
 	if sm.runFunc != nil {
 		result, err := sm.runFunc(ctx, task.Task, task.OriginChannel, task.OriginChatID)
 		sm.mu.Lock()
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func (sm *SubagentManager) runTask(ctx context.Context, task *SubagentTask) {
 		}
 		sm.mu.Unlock()
 	} else {
-		// 原有的 One-shot 逻辑
+		// Original one-shot logic
 		messages := []providers.Message{
 			{
 				Role:    "system",
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func (sm *SubagentManager) runTask(ctx context.Context, task *SubagentTask) {
 		sm.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 
-	// 2. 结果广播 (原有逻辑保持)
+	// 2. Result broadcast (keep existing behavior)
 	if sm.bus != nil {
 		prefix := "Task completed"
 		if task.Label != "" {